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Weather hazards

 The greatest weather hazard is thunderstorms. At the cumulus stage, they are created when sufficient moisture and instability are present in the atmosphere. The clouds increase in vertical height and after it reaches a mature stage when rain or ice begins to fall. The dissipating stage is when the downdrafts spread out, with violent winds (FAA, 2016). A thunderstorm can extend all the way to 60,000 ft and it can create wing updrafts and wind shear, which is a rapid change in wind velocity and/or direction at a very short distance. Precipitation, visibility, and ceiling are affected by thunderstorms. Thunderstorms reduce visibility, and ceiling which are necessary for pilots to land. It can also create squall lines, tornados, turbulence, icing, hail, and engine water ingestion (FAA, 2016), risking any flight that encounters one. All this affects the go no go decision. This proves the importance of aviation weather services for students, private, and professional pilots so they can ...
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Air traffic control entities

 Air traffic control are park the pilots crew resource management (CRM), they are an available resource for the crew to conduct a safe and efficient operation.  All air traffic control entities provide radar service to separate between IFR and VFR operations, and other more specific services. Terminal radar approach control (TRACON) facilities manage the airspace surrounding closer to most airports. They handle departing and approaching aircraft within its space. On IFR conditions this extremally neccesary to have guidance and separation from other traffic when getting closer to the airport. They provide heading, speed and altitude neccesary to align the pilot with the runway in use. Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs) manage traffic in the route airspace,  provides reroutes, delays, ground stops, traffic flow, weather, and emergency assistance (FAA, 2022).  All entities are equally important but not as neccesary as others. When pilots are flying to a nontower...
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The Airport and the Environment

Personally, I believe all environmental impacts are important, that is why management looks for all mitigation strategies. Nevertheless, the environmental impact that presents the greatest concern for all airport managers around the whole world is the air quality and potential pollutant emissions. These gaseous emissions are potential effects on global climate change, air, and water quality. The strategy to mitigate this environmental situation is organized through the aviation environmental protection (CAEP) and the International civil aviation organization (ICAO). Standards for emission certification of aircraft engines and emission certification are regulated through legislation (Visser & Wijnen, 2008). Not only aircraft should be regulated, but also all the airports need to reduce air and water pollution. Reducing energy consumption, increasing the use of electric vehicles, and recycling are some of the various mitigation strategies that should be implemented in every airport. ...
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Legislative Acts

In aviation history, there are plenty of acts and regulations that have helped shaped the aviation industry. In my opinion, the federal aviation act was the most important legislative act that goes hand with the standardization center. In August 1958, President Eisenhower signed the Federal aviation act into law, to create the federal aviation agency (FAA, 2022).  The FAA is in charge of issuing and enforcing regulations. Furthermore, standards cover manufacturing, operating, and maintaining the aviation industry (FAA, 2022). Before the FAA was created, the standardization center existed to establish uniformity in the inspection and methods for examination for all types of pilot certificates. The creation of this organization that now is only one altogether promotes safety, develops new technology, and provides standardization in this field. The aviation industry and professional aviators are supposed to follow these rules so all crews can understand each other without ever meeting...
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Team-Based Human Factors Challenges

CRM stands for Crew Resource Management (CRM) and is the effective use of all available resources for conducting a safe flight (SKYbrary, 2022). This is usually taught to everyone who is in the aviation field. Working on a team-based activity can be fun but challenging at the same time. The personality of a team does not always match up. Alcohol and drugs can also increase problems and it would be worst if dealing with a nonstandard crew.  Standardization is used to reduce mistakes and be familiar with your crew's knowledge, skills, and attitudes during a flight. Teamwork is important in problem-solving and decision-making when an emergency is presented. CRM is not limited to your flight crew, everyone that can help out during an emergency this includes, controllers, dispatch, and even another crew that is flying as a passenger. Having good interpersonal skills and communication is needed to implement good management, good teamwork can achieve different views and this would lead to...
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Aviation Security

  Cybersecurity is an emerging kind of sabotage, and it can even lead to an airplane hijack, which is the scariest and deadliest security threat in aviation. TSA stands for Transportation Security Administration and is the security agency that ensures and protects the nation’s transportation systems to ensure the free moment of people. Hijacks are done to cause an event, accident, or incident, or to be use as mass murder weapon, bringing terror to civilians and industry. In 2018, officers detected approximately 4,432 firearms at airport checkpoints, averaging 11 firearms per day (TSA, 2022). Thanks to TSA most of these didn’t end up as events because it was caught before it was a catastrophic event. Cybersecurity is as important as screening passenger, because cyberattacks can delay flights, create fake boarding or precheck. If there is not enough cybersecurity in airlines and airports it can also allow hackers to affect the safety of the flight. Aviation security is almost th...
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Aircraft Systems and Flight: Flight controls

 Aircraft flight control systems consist of primary and secondary systems. The ailerons, elevator, and rudder are the primary control system. Wing flaps, leading-edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems constitute the secondary control system and improve the performance characteristics of the airplane (FAA. n.d.). In my opinion, one of the hardest situations that a pilot can deal with is a primary flight control malfunction. An engine failure is a normal maneuver in every training, double engine failure can be challenging but you can glide. Losing the maneuverability of an airplane can be very challenging to fix, it can pull the pilot up, down, left, or right without any way to control it. If there are no flight controls, there is no way to fly in a controllable and safe manner.  A flight control malfunction can occur due to many reasons, it would mostly depend on how the system of each airplane is designed. A bird strike can do structural damage to this system. A trim motor o...
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